At this initial stage of the lawsuit, the court issues a schedule outlining the deadlines for each party to submit their memoranda, and specifies the date of the hearing before the court. The date indicated in the message is the deadline specified in the schedule, noting that it may change based on developments in the case and court decisions. 

It is a regular session held before the court, attended by the parties or their representatives, during which any documents or oral pleadings are submitted. All proceedings are recorded in the session minutes, and the judge then makes the decision he deems appropriate regarding the next step in the case file. 

It is a session during which the court hears the witnesses presented by the parties, and the judge and the parties (or their representatives) question them about their knowledge regarding specific facts in the case. 

It is a pleading session scheduled by the court for the expert to complete the preparation of the technical report (accounting, engineering, vehicles, etc.) and submit it to the court. 

It is a report issued by the Case Management Office judge, which includes the facts of the case and the judge's opinion. The case file and the report are then referred to the competent court, where trial sessions are held and the final judgment is issued. 

After the sessions conclude and the case is reserved for judgment, the court issues its ruling. The judgment is written and includes the reasons upon which the court based its decision. The judgment may be final and conclusive or subject to appeal, depending on the stage of the case and the type of lawsuit. 

After the judgment is issued, each party has a legal period (usually 45 or 30 days depending on the type of case) to appeal the judgment if they are not satisfied with it. If the period ends without an appeal, the judgment becomes final and generally cannot be changed. 

In some personal status cases, such as divorce or custody, the case is first referred to the Family Reconciliation Office before going to court. There, specialists try to mediate between the spouses or help them reach an agreement, aiming to resolve the dispute amicably without litigation. 

This notification means that an appeal has been formally submitted against the judgment issued in the case. The Court of Appeal will examine the case record and legal arguments and may uphold the judgment, amend it, or refer the matter back to the lower court, in accordance with applicable law. 

This notification means that the defendant has filed a separate claim against the original claimant and requested that it be joined with the main case. Upon the court’s approval, both the original claim and the counterclaim are heard together within the same proceedings. The court will examine the arguments and evidence of both parties and issue a single judgment addressing the claim and the counterclaim in accordance with the law. 

This notification means that a cassation appeal has been submitted to the Court of Cassation, which is the final level of judicial review. Cassation does not reconsider facts or evidence; it examines whether the lower courts correctly applied the law and followed proper legal procedures. The Court of Cassation may uphold the judgment, quash it and refer the case back for reconsideration, or issue a final ruling itself where legally permissible. Its decision is final and not subject to further appeal (with few exceptions). 

This means there is a development or step that is different from the usual stages — nothing to worry about. Please read the full message text or contact us for more information. 

1. Filing of the Lawsuit by the Plaintiff Before the Court

• What happens: The lawsuit is officially initiated.

• Meaning: The plaintiff submits their statement of claim, relevant supporting documents, evidence, and legal requests to the court.

2. Family Reconciliation Office

• What happens: The case is routed through a specialized mediation/reconciliation stage.

• Meaning: The primary role of this office is to explore potential settlement opportunities and amicable resolutions directly between the two parties (the spouses).

3. Court Hearings

• What happens: Trial proceedings officially take place before the family court judge.

• Meaning: During this phase, both parties exchange written memoranda, the court hears witness testimonies, and relevant expert reports are submitted for review.

4. Court's Decision to Reserve the Case for Judgment

• What happens: The stage for submitting new evidence and arguments officially closes.

• Meaning: Once reserved, neither party can submit additional legal memoranda. The court thoroughly evaluates the case file to draft and finalize its judgment.

5. Court's Judgment Issued on the Specified Date

• What happens: The court formally issues its ruling on the scheduled date.

• Meaning: This verdict resolves the family dispute between the parties at the court of first instance.

6. 45-Day Appeal Period

• What happens: A statutory 45-day timer begins right after the judgment is delivered.

• Meaning: Any party dissatisfied with the court’s decision has the legal right to lodge an appeal within this period.

Following the 45-day window, the case splits into two possible tracks:

Path A: An Appeal is Filed Within the Legal Timeframe

1. Hearings Before the Court of Appeal: The case is brought to a higher judicial level, where the evidence and rulings are re-examined during appellate hearings.

2. Issuance of a Judgment From the Court of Appeal: The Court of Appeal issues its verdict, which forms the Final Judgment.

3. Execution Phase: The final appellate judgment is sent directly to the Execution Court for enforcement.

Path B: No Appeal is Filed Within the Legal Timeframe

• The original judgment becomes final and binding automatically due to the expiration of the deadline.

• The case proceeds directly to enforcement.

Final Stage: Initiation of Enforcement Procedures Before the Execution Court

• What happens: Measures are implemented by the court to legally compel compliance with the final judgment.

• Meaning: Depending on the nature of the family court ruling, enforcement actions may include:

  • Freezing bank accounts

  • Seizing assets

  • Legal procedures for handing over a child in custody

1. A Person Files a Report with the Relevant Police Department

• What happens: The criminal process begins when an incident is officially reported.

• Meaning: This occurs when a party, such as the victim, reports the alleged crime to the police station.

2. Police Investigation Phase

• What happens: The police question the involved parties and collect evidence.

• Meaning: Law enforcement gathers initial statements, physical evidence, and preliminary information.

3. Referral to Public Prosecution

• What happens: The case file is transferred from the police department to the Public Prosecution.

• Meaning: The prosecution assumes authority over the case file to determine how to proceed.

4. Public Prosecution Handles the Case File

• What happens: Prosecutors evaluate the file to decide the next legal steps.

• Meaning: This evaluation can occur either after further investigation by the prosecution or directly without additional investigation.

This leads to four possible outcomes:

Branch A: Pathways Leading to Case Dismissal

If the case file falls into any of these three categories:

1. The case is not of importance

2. Insufficient evidence for conviction

3. The accused is unknown

• Result — Case Dismissal: The Public Prosecution orders the case to be dismissed.

• Meaning: The victim retains the right to appeal this dismissal order.

Branch B: Pathways Leading to Prosecution Action

If the accused is known and there is sufficient evidence for conviction, the Public Prosecution will take one of two actions:

Option B1 — Criminal Order: The Public Prosecution issues a criminal order directly to fine the accused (for minor offenses).

Option B2 — Referral to Court: The Public Prosecution officially refers the case papers and the accused to the court.

5. Court Hearings for the Accused (Following Referral)

• What happens: Trial proceedings commence before the criminal court.

• Meaning: The court hears formal arguments, reviews evidence, and evaluates statements from both prosecution and defense.

6. Court Issues a Judgment

• What happens: The court renders its verdict regarding the accused.

• Meaning: The Public Prosecution or the accused can appeal the verdict within 30 days.

Verdict Outcomes:

• Guilty: The accused is convicted.

• Innocent: The accused is acquitted.